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| To support students to develop understandings about basic concepts and components in electronic environments at level 6, teachers could:
- Provide opportunity for students to learn about basic concepts through practical settings eg test conductors, insulators and semiconductorsusing a multimeter (ohms) or a light bulb and battery or learn why a circuit must be complete by identifying hidden breaks in a circuit using a multimeter.
- Guide students to identify basic components and their symbols by creating games eg, 'lotto' cards or 'snakes and ladders'.
- Support students to experiment with basic components in simple circuits to consolidate their understanding
- Guide students to classify a provided selection of components in a tray as sensors, actuators or processors and to identify their operational function in situ..
- Provide opportunity for discussion about the components properties in terms of energy transfer, eg, an LDR converting light to electrical energy.
- Support students to use symbols to create schematics for simple circuits.
- Provide a range of practical experiences eg exploring the properties of series and parallel connections using light bulbs or LEDs in a circuit; using a multimeter in a simple LED-resistor circuit to introduce the concept of voltage as an energy level, and the concepts of current and resistance.
- Provide opportunity for students to program a simple microcontroller (eg, PICAXE 08M) to perform basic functions such as blinking an LED. Students will be provided with the basic program structures for this.
- Guide students to examine simple two -loop circuits, including those with a microcontrollerto identify and explain voltage divider and transistor switch subsystems in these.
| To support students to develop understandings about advanced concepts and components in electronic environments at level 7, teachers could:
- Provide opportunity for students to learn about advanced concepts, including power and heat dissipation, analogue and digital signals, time constant, amplification, logical AND/OR and truth tables, bistable, monostable and astable, parallel and series, how a single component type may have varied roles through hands-on practical work and research etc.
- Provide opportunities for students to discuss and investigate practically, software programme development using advanced concepts, such as variables, binary notation (bits, bytes and words), logical structuring of software programmes (eg, flowcharting) and the use of subroutines and variables.
- Provide opportunity for students to experiment with an extended range of components in circuits eg, diode (pn and zener), capacitor (various types), npn transistor, and an extended range of common sensors and actuators eg, Hall sensor, servo etc.
- Guide students to explore the properties of integrated devices eg,555, gates, H-bridge, voltage regulators.
- Guide students to research information (books,online etc) about the properties and operation of components and guide them to in selecting relevant material from these sources.
- Support students to perform advanced calculations, including power rating, parallel and series, time constant, based on parameters important in the behaviour of real circuits.
- Provide opportunity for students to explore an extended set of subsystems, including filters, timers, amplifier stages etc. and enable students to recognise these in advanced circuit schematics.
| To support students to develop understandings about complex concepts and components in electronic environments at level 8, teachers could:
- Provide opportunity for students to learn about complex hardware concepts eg, IR and radio transmitting subsystems, amplifying stages, impedance matching, coupling, noise reduction and filtering circuits, UART, bus subsystems, through hands-on practical work and internet research etc.
- Provide opportunity for students to learn about complex software concepts eg, variables, binary notation (bits, bytes and words), protocols (I2C, RS232), macros, flags, interrupts, counters, XOR, bitwise AND/OR, pwm, through hands-on practical work and internet research etc.
- Provide opportunity for students to learn about complex components eg, FETs, npn and pnp transistors, voltage regulators, SCRs, 555s, gates, H-bridges, op-amps, data latches, half-adder, keypads, LCD and other displays, pressure and proximity sensors, servo and stepper motors etc.and describe in terms of their input, process and output functions.
- Provide opportunity for students to identify, describe and explain some complex subsystems in circuits eg, Wein bridge, transistor combinations (eg, push-pull), transistor configurations (eg, common collector), extended gate arrangements, power supply circuits.
- Provide opportunity for students to learn about software programme development through the logical structuring of software programmes (eg, flowcharting) and the use of subroutines and variables.
- Support students to develop software with more than one embedded platform eg, a selection of two or more PICAXE (advanced), ATMEL, Microchip, Arduino etc.
- Guide students to research information (books,online etc) about the properties and operation of components and ensure they are able to determine relevant material and critique and/or synthesise this in ways that support their understanding.
- Support opportunities for students to perform complex calculations, including gain, resonant frequency, RMS values, impedance, based on parameters important in the behaviour of real circuits.
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